Syntax of standard SELECT SQL Statement used to create reports

Retrieves rows from the database and allows the selection of one or many rows or columns from one or many tables. The full syntax of the SELECT statement is complex, but the main clauses can be summarized as:

SELECT select_list
[ INTO new_table ]
FROM table_source
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]
[ HAVING search_condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]

The UNION operator can be used between queries to combine their results into a single result set.

Creating Cross-Tab Special Reports using Select SQL

Sometimes it is necessary to rotate results so that columns are presented horizontally and rows are presented vertically. This is known as creating a PivotTable®, creating a cross-tab report, or rotating data.

Assume there is a table Pivot that has one row per quarter. A SELECT of Pivot reports the quarters vertically:

Year      Quarter      Amount
----      -------      ------
1990      1           1.1
1990      2           1.2
1990      3           1.3
1990      4           1.4
1991      1           2.1
1991      2           2.2
1991      3           2.3
1991      4           2.4

A report must be produced with a table that contains one row for each year, with the values for each quarter appearing in a separate column, such as:

`Year`	`Q1`	`Q2`	`Q3`	`Q4`
`1990`	`1.1`	`1.2`	`1.3`	`1.4`
`1991`	`2.1`	`2.2`	`2.3`	`2.4`

These are the statements used to create the Pivot table and populate it with the data from the first table:

USE Northwind
GO

CREATE TABLE Pivot
( Year      SMALLINT,
  Quarter   TINYINT, 
  Amount      DECIMAL(2,1) )
GO
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1990, 1, 1.1)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1990, 2, 1.2)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1990, 3, 1.3)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1990, 4, 1.4)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1991, 1, 2.1)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1991, 2, 2.2)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1991, 3, 2.3)
INSERT INTO Pivot VALUES (1991, 4, 2.4)
GO

This is the SELECT statement used to create the rotated results:

SELECT Year, 
    SUM(CASE Quarter WHEN 1 THEN Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q1,
    SUM(CASE Quarter WHEN 2 THEN Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q2,
    SUM(CASE Quarter WHEN 3 THEN Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q3,
    SUM(CASE Quarter WHEN 4 THEN Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q4
FROM Northwind.dbo.Pivot
GROUP BY Year
GO

This SELECT statement also handles a table in which there are multiple rows for each quarter. The GROUP BY combines all rows in Pivot for a given year into a single row in the output. When the grouping operation is being performed, the CASE functions in the SUM aggregates are applied in such a way that the Amount values for each quarter are added into the proper column in the result set and 0 is added to the result set columns for the other quarters.

If the results of this SELECT statement are used as input to a spreadsheet, it is easy for the spreadsheet to calculate a total for each year. When the SELECT is used from an application it may be easier to enhance the SELECT statement to calculate the yearly total. For example:

SELECT P1.*, (P1.Q1 + P1.Q2 + P1.Q3 + P1.Q4) AS YearTotal
FROM (SELECT Year,
             SUM(CASE P.Quarter WHEN 1 THEN P.Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q1,
             SUM(CASE P.Quarter WHEN 2 THEN P.Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q2,
             SUM(CASE P.Quarter WHEN 3 THEN P.Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q3,
             SUM(CASE P.Quarter WHEN 4 THEN P.Amount ELSE 0 END) AS Q4
     FROM Pivot AS P
     GROUP BY P.Year) AS P1
GO

Both GROUP BY with CUBE and GROUP BY with ROLLUP compute the same sort of information as shown in the example, but in a slightly different format.

Note: In ERPWEB SoftRobot Reports Manager - type above mentioned query to automatically generate a pivot table. No programming required.

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